The Twelve Apostles were Jesus’s closest disciples and played a significant role in establishing Christian communities across the ancient world. Saint Bartholomew served as a missionary in Ethiopia, Mesopotamia, Parthia (modern-day Iran), Lycaonia (modern Turkey) and Armenia. He is believed to have been flayed and beheaded under the orders of the Armenian king Astyages. In his series Christ, the Apostles and St Paul, Dutch engraver Hendrick Goltzius depicts the saint holding a flaying knife, symbolising his martyrdom and unwavering faith.